The second TCP segment gets lost before reaching the receiver. This is known as early retransmission or fast retransmission.Ĭonsider that the sender sends 5 TCP segments to the receiver, as depicted in the figure below: The sender then retransmits the same segment without waiting for its time-out timer to expire. When the sender receives three duplicate ACKs for a TCP segment sent by it, it will assume that the corresponding segment is lost. The performance of a specific implementation may also vary considerably across the same link configuration when operated over different types of channels. These vary significantly across different link configurations. The rate of loss and patterns of loss experienced are functions of the design of the physical and link layers. ![]() This is recognized as a common cause of packet corruption detected in the endhosts Loss due to implementation errors, including hardware faults and software errors.Queues will eventually overflow as the arrival rate of new packets to send continues to exceed the outgoing packet transmission rate over the link Here, many protocols require that retransmission is deferred to promote stability of the shared channel (i.e., prevent excessive channel contention) Loss of a frame transmitted in a shared channel where a contention-aware MAC protocol is used (e.g., due to collision).Other forms of packet loss are not related to channel conditions, but include: This is a common characteristic of some types of link, e.g., mobile cellular radio. A link outage, a period during which the link loses all or virtually all frames, until the link is restored.This interference can be random, structured, and in some cases even periodic Frame loss due to channel interference.Channel noise may also result from other traffic degrading channel conditions ![]() Loss due to channel noise is often characterized by random frame loss.
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